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NeNn{Xw

tZi\mbIsâ
NeNn{XKm{Xw

IcpWmIc³

tIX³ ta¯bpsS
awKÄ ]msÞþZn ssdknwKv
F¶ NeNn{Xs¯¸än

hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼v t_mws_bn F¯p¶Xnsâ, B \Kchpambpff imcocnIhpw am\knIhpamb A`napJoIcW¯nsâ Hcp kµÀ`w HIvtSmhnsbm ]mkv HmÀ¡p¶pWvSv. Cud³ hmbp, ImWm\pw tIÄ¡m\pw Ignbp¶ sXcphnse BÄ¡q«w, kmcnIfpsS AXypÖzeamb \nd§Ä, hfsc Ime§Ä¡p tijw Ct¸mgpw AtXt]mse HmÀ¡m³ Ignbp¶p F¶mWv At±lw ]dªXv. F¶m Xm³ Ign¨ `£WamWv Hcp GI hnjbI {]_Ôs¯¡mÄ C´ysb Ipdn¨v ]Tn¡m³ Xs¶ klmbn¨Xv F¶v HIvtSmhnsbm ]mkv ]dbp¶p. B `£W¯nsâ clkyw AXnse ck§fpsS an{inXambncp¶nÃ. AXnt\¡mÄ, hn]coX§fpsS {Iaamb `mKn¡epIÄ H¶n¨v A\p`hs¸Sp¯¶XnsâXmWv; H¸w, A§s\sbm¶v ]nSnsImSp¡mXncn¡p¶Xnsâbpw. AsXmcp H¶n¨v tNcemWv. Cusbmê \ymbhmZw Gsd¡psd FÃm C´y³ krjvSnItfbpw `cn¡p¶p þ GXmWvSv, C§s\sbmcp \nco£WamWv ]mkntâXv. Cu \nco£Ws¯ C¶v hmNmeambn A\p`hs¸Sp¯p¶Xv "apwss_ NeNn{X'§fmWv; Hcp an{inXw. Hcp Ie, BZymhkm\w Hcp "Nc¡v'Bhp¶Xnepff {i², A{Xbpw AWnsªmcp§Â. Cu NeNn{X§fnse i_vZ¯nsâbpw Imgv¨bpsSbpw hfÀ¨bpsSbpw ku`mKy§fn \n¶v sXdn¨pt]mbn, Hcp Zzo]v t]mse Xs¶ apwss_ Ignbpt¼mgpw, B \Kcw C¶v \½psS NeNn{XIebpsS A\ntj[yamb ap{ZbmIp¶p. AXnsâ t{]jIÀ, GtXm im]¯n \n¶pw Cd§n h¶hÀ, thsdmcp P·¯n\p thWvSnF¶ t]mse kpKÔ ]qÀ®amb Ccp«nte¡v v Ibdn t]mIp¶p. ssZhoIamb Cu NeNn{Xm`bw \½psS NeNn{XIesb icn¡pw ssIbmfp¶p F¶pthWw ]dbm³.

"awKÄ ]msÞ- Zn ssdknwKv' F¶ NeNn{X¯nepw C§s\sbmcp "apwss_ PohnX'apWvSv. C´ybpsS Ncn{X¯nepw \ne\n¶pt]mcp¶ \oXn\ymb hyhØbnepw Cu NeNn{Xw sN¶p \nev¡p¶pWvSvv. H¸w, a\pjysâ kzmX{´y¯nsâbpw, BXvam`nam\¯nsâbpw F¡met¯bpw {]iv\§fnepw. Hcp tZi¯nsâ `qXIme¯nte¡pff k©mcw, hÀ¯am\¯nsâ Zriy þ {ihW kwkvImc¯nsâ BÀÖnX \nhÀ¯nbneqsS ]Icm\pff Hcp {iaw, Cu NeNn{Xs¯ Hcp NÀ¨mhnjbam¡pIbpw DWvSmbn. NeNn{X¯nsâ Ncn{X]cXbpw, A`nt\Xm¡fpw, FÃmw NÀ¨sN¿s¸«p. Cu Ipdn¸v, {][m\ambpw, AXnsâ {]Xn]mZ\ ssiensb¸änbmWv. Fs´¶mÂ, A§s\sbmct\zjWw t\cs¯ kqNn¸n¨ "apwss_ PohnXw' \½psS \à NeNn{X§sf IqSn F§s\ kzm[o\n¨p F¶v ]cntim[n¡p¶Xnepsa¯p¶p.

"awKÄ ]msÞ'bptSXpt]mepff Hcp "IY' BZyambpw {i²tbmSpw Xncnbp¶Xv Hcp \mtSmSnIYbpsS kzoImcyXbnte¡v Xs¶bmWv. Hcp IYbpsS ]caamb km²yXbpw AXnepWvSvv. Hcp tIÄhn¡mcs\ (t{]£Is\) kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw C§s\sbmcp IYbn Xsâ Nne P·§fnte¡v bm{X In«nbXpt]msebmWv. tIX³ ta¯bpsS ap³Ime NeNn{X§Ä (`mhv\n `hmbv, anÀ¨v akme...) C§s\sbmcp BJym\coXn hnPbIcambnXs¶ ]co£n¡p¶papWvSvv. Hcp ]s£, tIX³ ta¯bpsS NeNn{X§fpsS khntij coXn IqSnbmWnXv. {_lv¯nsâ F¸nIv \mSI k{¼Zmb¯nsâ Nne coXnIfpw Iem k¦ev]hpw tIX³ ta¯ kzoIcn¡mdpWvSv. -C´ysb kw_Ôn¨mhpt¼mÄ s]s«¶v kzoIcyamhp¶Xpw. `mhv\n `hmbnepw anÀ¨v akmebnepw Cu coXn Gsdbpw A\ewIrXamsW¦n awKÄ ]msÞbn AsXmcp AXv`pX Zriyw t]mse Ae¦cn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p. NeN{X¯nsâ BZy\nanj§fn HcnS¯v {]Xy£s¸Sp¶ B\bpsS Ae¦cn¨inckv h\yhpw cmPIobhpamb Ddt¸msS {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xpw A´y\nanj§fn B\bpsS Im¸mZ¯neacp¶ Pe¯nsâ NnXdtemsS Ahkm\n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ Hcp icocemhWyw, apwss_NeNn{X§fpsS A\p{Klt¯msS, CXn AhXcn¸n¡s¸Sp¶p.

NeN{X¯nsâ IYmKm{Xw imcocnIamb B{Kl§tfmsS {]ISn¸n¡p¶Xnt\msSm¸w hfsc thKw Xncn¨dnbp¶ Hcp tZio þ BJym\hpw NeNn{Xw kzoIcn¡p¶p. CXv Zriy t_m[¯nsâ temI km£y¯nte¡v "C´y' sh¡p¶ Hcp abn¸oen I®pt]msebmWv. FÃm CfInbm«§fpw Hscmä aqÀ¨bnte¡v F¯p¶p. B\µhpw k¦ShpsaÃmw ]oen hncn¨mSp¶ Hcp IY, kµÀ`w, temI¯nte¡p Xpd¡p¶ Hcp InfnhmXnen Znhkw apgph\pw {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p. \½psS NeNn{X¯nsâ hmWnPyap{Z A§s\bmbncn¡Wsa¶v iTn¡pIbpw A§s\bmhp¶XneqsS {]ISn¸n¡s¸Sp¶ Hcp Iemap{Z \½psS aäp `mjmNn{X§fnte¡v IqSn ]IcpIbpw sNbvXn«pWvSv þ "C´y³ BhpI' F¶p Xs¶. \½psS "kam´c NeNn{X' {]hÀ¯Icn ]ecpw C§s\ "apss_ NeNn{X'§fn F¯nb«pWvSv. tIX³ ta¯ A§s\ F¯nb HcmfmÃ. At±l¯nsâ NeNn{X§fpsS BJym\coXn, ]eXnepw, \½psS \mtSmSnIYm]c¼cyhpambn CgtNÀ¯p\nÀ½n¨XmWv. IYbpw D]IYIfpw Km\§fpw \mSIobaplqÀ¯§fpambn B BJym\ coXnsb AÀ°h¯m¡p¶p þ CXv ""apwss_ NeNn{X''§fpsS IYmicochpambn kwhZn¡p¶Xp Xs¶ Hcp Xcw "\mtSmSn þ DuÀÖ't¯msSbpamWv. "anÀ¨v akme'bn CXv at\mlcambn Xs¶ ]co£n¡s¸Sp¶papWvSvv. C¯csamcp IYm]cnkchpw IYmkµÀ`§fpw "awKÄ ]msÞ'bnepw IS¶phcp¶p. Hcp {KmaoW kv{Xo Hcp ]«mf¡mcsâ (Unt¸mbv þ kpt_ZmÀ) CwKnX¯n\v hg§mXncn¡pIbpw AsXmcp {Kma¯nsâ cmjv{Sob þ kzvvvvvØXsb Xs¶ A]ISIcambn shÃphnfn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ Hcp IYbmhpIbpw, H¸w ]pXnb Ime¯n kv{XobpsSbpw kzmX{´y¯nsâbpw ]pXnb AÀ°§sf kaoIcn¡m³ IY {]m]vXamhpIbpw sN¿p¶ Hcp coXnbmWv, kvanXm ]m«oepw \kvdp±o³jmbpw AhXcn¸n¡p¶ IYm]m{X§fneqsS, "anÀ¨v akme' ]dbp¶Xv.

Cu  NeNn{X¯nÂ, "awKÄ ]msÞ'bn CuÌv C´ym I¼\n `cWImes¯ D¯tc´y³ cmjv{Sob Ncn{X ]ivNm¯e¯n "I¼\n'bpsS Xs¶ Hcp "Uot¸mbv' BZyw I¼\ns¡Xnscbpw ]n¶oSv Xsâ cmPy¯nsâ Xs¶bpw kzmX{´y¯nsâ {]XoIamhp¶ hn[¯n Ncn{Xs¯ \nb{´n¡m³ {ian¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ IYbmWv þ C´ybpsS "H¶mw kzmX{´y kac IY'bn A[nIsam¶pw Adnbs¸Sm¯ Hcp IY, \mbI³ awKÄ]msÞ ]n¡mes¯ `KXv knwKntâXpt]mepÅ \mbI·mÀ¡pWvSmbncp¶ Hcp ss\kÀ¤nI hyIvXn {]`mh¯nte¡v FSp¡p¶ Hcp NeNn{X (\mbI) \nÀ½nXnbmWnXv. CXn\v Gsdbpw klmbn¡p¶Xv, NeN{X¯nÂ, icoc§fpsS kar²amb D]tbmK¯neqsSbpw icoc¯nsâ Xs¶ \m\mhn[ Iev]\IfnepamWv. BXvam`nam\¯ntâsX¶p kzbw {]Jym]nXamb Hcp ImbnI¡cp¯v \mbIsâ icocw kZmkabhpw kwc£n¨p \nÀ¯p¶p. CsXmcp " Uot¸mbv'bpsS F¶Xnt\¡mÄ apwss_ NeNn{X§fpsS \mbIthj§sf HmÀ½n¸n¡p¶p. NeNn{X¯nse Hcp {][m\ {]tabs¯ þ BXvam`nam\s¯ þ Cu icocw AXnsâ ]pjvSnbpw \ndhpambn ]qPn¡p¶Xmbn tXm¶pw.

B[p\nI þ BJym\§fn icocw hnjbamIp¶Xv AXnsâ Gähpw hnkvt^mSIamb Iev]\bn "cmjv{Sob'¯neqsSbmWv. NmthdpIfpsS HSp§epIfn Cu cmjv{Sob¯nsâ icoc {]IS\apWvSvv. A§s\sbmcÀ°¯n Cu NeNn{Xw, ImbnI¡cp¯pw ]ucpjhpapff Hcp ]«mf¡mcsâ icoc¯n \n¶pw XpS§pIbpw B icoc¯nsâ Xs¶ IY ]dbpIbpw B icoc¯nsâ Xotcm[m\¯neqsS Ahkm\n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. A{Xam{Xw Cu NeNn{Xw Hcp icoc¯nsâ IqSn IYbmIp¶p. NeNn{X¯nse asämcp {][m\ IYm]m{Xamb "lnc']dbp¶Xv (awKÄ ]msÞ F¶ ]«mf¡mct\mSv) R§Ä shff¡mÀ¡v icocta \evInb«pffp \n§Ä, ]«mf¡mÀ, BXvamhpw \evIn F¶mWv. Cu kv{Xo IYm]m{Xs¯ NeNn{X¯nsâ BXvamhmbn Xs¶ ]dbp¶ Nne hymJym\§Ä CXnsâ NÀ¨bn h¶n«papWvSvv. Cu kµÀ`s¯ D²cn¨pXs¶. F¶mÂ, B Bßmhv F§s\bmsW¶ auenIamsbmê At\zjW¯n Ne¨n{Xw sNìap«pìanÃ. F¶mÂ,  A§s\bà F¶pw B ""BXvamhn''s\ NeNn{Xw ]cnKW\s¡Sp¡p¶p F¶pw hmZn¡m\pff LSI§Ä, kw`h§Ä NeNn{X¯nepWvSqXm\pw. CXv {][m\ambpw A¶s¯ {]tXyI cmjv{Sob ]cnXØnXnsb¸änbpff A¡mZan¡v Ncn{X[mcWIfpambn _Ôs¸«mWv. CuÌv C´y I¼\nbpsS C´y³ \S¯n¸pImcpsS H¯mitbmsS \S¡p¶ Hm¸nbw Irjn, shSnbpWvSIfn lnµp¡Ä¡pw apÉo§Ä¡pw Hcpt]mse sXm«pIqSm¯ ]iphnsâbpw ]¶nbpsSbpw sImgp¸v D]tbmKn¨Xv, C´ybnse {]mtZinI `cWIqS§Ä¡pta CuÌv C´y I¼\nbpsS B[n]Xyw thcpd¡p¶Xv. XpS§n NeNn{Xw sNdnb sNdnb kw`h§fneqsS, At¸mgpw Ncn{X¯n thcptXSp¶hbmWh, hensbmcp Bhiy¯nte¡v \nhê¶p: C´ybpsS ""H¶mw kzX{´y kac''sa¶ Ncn{X¯nte¡pw AXnsâ ]caamb AÀ°s¯, BXvam`nam\s¯, tXSp¶ IYbnte¡pw.

1857þ59 hsc \S¡p¶ "H¶mw kzmX{´y kacw' C´ybnse, hntijn¨pw hSt¡ C´ybnse, A¡mes¯ kmaqlymhØbpsS B´cnI ZuÀºey§ÄIqSn shfns¸Sp¯p¶pWvsS¶v Ncn{XImc³amÀ hnebncp¯nbn«qWvSv. {_n«ojv I¼\nbpsS kmaqlnI B[n]Xyhpw C´ybn A¡me¯v s]mXphmbn \ne\n¶ kmaqlnI kwhn[m\hpw \mSphmgn¯ `cW{Iaw, PmXymNmc§Ä, aXhnizmk§Ä XpS§n þ {]Xy£ambpw apJt¯mSpapJw \n¡p¶ Hcp kµÀ`w A¡mes¯ {]t£m`§fnepWvSv. {][m\ambpw "in]mbn elf'bmbn Xs¶ HSp§p¶ B kacIme¯v NnebnS§fn AXn\pIn«nb P\Iob ]n´pW¡v Hcp ImcWw X§fpsS kmaqlnIamb ]Zhn \n \ntj[t¯¡mÄ kmwkvImcnIamb kzXzw Xs¶ shÃphnfn¡s¸«Xmbncp¶p F¶pw \nco£n¡s¸«n«pWvSv. XoÀ¨bmbpw "awKÄ ]msÞ' Hcp Ncn{X kn\nabÃ. F¦nepw, A¯csamcp kmaqlnI kµÀ`¯n \n¶pw hcp¶ Hcp IY, Hcp \mbI³, B kµÀ`§fpsS Ncn{X]camb PohnXs¯ henb ]cn[nbn kz`mh h¡cn¡p¶pWvS.v F¶mÂ, Cu Xnc¡Y, "apwss_ NeNn{X'§fpsS coXnIsf t\cn«v HmÀan¸n¨psImWvSv, Ncn{Xt¯bpw kµÀ`§tfbpw AXnitbmIvXntbmsS ASbmfs¸Sp¯p¶p. {_n«ojv `cW¯ns\Xnsc Xncnª {]tZinI `cW t\Xr Xz§tfmSv ""P\m[n]Xy¯n\pthWvSn'' B[q\nI \mbIs\t¸mse awKÄ]msÞ H¨bn«p hmZn¡p¶ kµÀ`w t]mse þ  hcm\ncn¡p¶ ZiI§fqsSbpw {]t£m`§fpsSbpw Ncn{X]camb \ofw Hcp sNdnb hmb Xn¶pXoÀ¡p¶p. awKÄ ]msÞ kam\ambn DbÀ¯nsImWvSphcp¶ I¼\nbpsS Cw¥ojv þ ]«mf¡mc³, Toby Stephens AhXcn¸n¡p¶ IYm]m{Xw A¡mes¯, Cw¥ojv kwkvImc¯nepw cmjv{Sob¯nepw DWvSmbncp¶ "B[q\nI' P\m[n]Xy k¦Â¸§tfmSv s]«¶v kwhZn¡m\m涠Hcmfmæ¶Xpw CXn\v kaambn ImWm\mhpw. I¼\nbpsS `cW¯n\v t\sc Xncnbp¶ "in]mbn'elf ASn¨aÀ¯s¸SpIbpw ]nSn¡s¸Ssa¶mhpt¼mÄ, Gsdbpw Hä¡mhp¶ B sNdp¯p\nev]v hn^eamhpt¼mÄ, awKÄ ]msÞ BXvalXy¡v {ian¡p¶p. ]n¶oSv Abmsf XShnem¡nb I¼\n ]«mfw Hcp tImÀ«v amÀjeneqsS Ipä¡mc\mbn IWvSp Abmsf Xq¡nsImÃpIbpw sN¿p¶p. awKÄ ]msÞ Hcp tZiþPmKcW IYbmbn Xs¶ AhXcn¸n¡s¸Smw. \½psS Cu kab¯v AXnsâ km[yXIÄ A\h[nbmWv. Hcp IYbpsS hotdmsS A§s\sbmê PohnX¯ntes¡¯m³ Cu  NeNn{Xw {ian¨n«papWvSv. F¶m "kzmX{´yw' F¶Xv D¯chmZnXz¯nsâ Hcp i_vZambn ]cnWan¡p¶nà F¶Xv Cu NeNn{X¯nsâ Hcp {][m\ ]cnanXnbmWv. Hcp ]s£, AXv Cu "IY'bpsS IqSn Ncn{X]camb ]cnanXnbpamWv. F¦n B Ncn{X ]cnanXnbpsS ImcW§Ä¡v C§s\sbmcp NeNn{X¯n kµÀ`§fpWvSv. At¸mÄ Cu NeNn{X¯n\v \½psS Ncn{Xt¯mSpw kwkmcn¡m\mIpambncp¶p.

"awKÄ ]msÞ'sb AXnsâ kam\amb CXnhr¯§fn \n¶pw hyXykvvXam¡p¶Xv B IY¡v imcocnIamb ]n´pWt]mse \nev¡p¶ BJym\¯nsâ {]tXyIXbmWv. IYbpsS Hgp¡n KmbIcpw aäpw B\¸pd¯pw ac¯WepIfnepw {]Xy£s¸«v IYsb ho­pw apt¼ms«Sp¡p¶p. IYtbmSv {]XnIcn¡p¶p. IYs¡m¸w k©cn¡m³ XpS§p¶ BÄ¡q«s¯, \n§Ä DWÀ¶nsÃ, IY Adnªntà F¶v HmÀ½n¸n¨psImWvSv AhÀ IYbpsS Imgv¨¡mcm¡p¶p. B kaqls¯ AhÀ Hcp s]mXp Øe¯v F¯n¡p¶p. awKÄ ]msÞsb Xq¡nteäp¶Xv AhnsS h¨mWv. B Imgv¨¡mcpsS A\nivNnXXzs¯ IYbpsS \nKqVXIÄ ]dbp¶ Xq¸pImc\neqsS þ tIX³ ta¯bpsS NeNn{X§fn {]Xy£s¸Smdpff C¯cw IYm]m{X§Ä AhcpsS AXnXo{h§fmb shfn]mSpIÄsImWvSpw s]cpamä§ÄsImWvSpw {it²bcmWv. þ XIÀçIbpw ]ns¶ AsXmê h¼n¨ {]t£m`¯nsâ Ahkc§fnte¡mbn apt¼ms«Sp¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. IYbpsS Nmbw Ignbpt¼mÄ Idp¸nepw shfp¸nepambn C´y³ tZiob {]Øm\¯nsâ ]nev¡me \mbI·mÀ þ KmÔnPnbpw s\lvdphpsaÃmw þ IS¶p hcp¶p. 

hmkvXh¯n Hcp {]Xn]mZ\ ssien kzoIc¡p¶Xp Xs¶ B IemkrjvSnsb kw_Ôn¨v ka{Kamb [mcW kzcq]n¡p¶Xn\pff Hcp hgnbmWv. Hcp Iem krjvSnsb kw_Ôn¨v Cu XncsªSp¸v hfsc {][m\hpamIp¶p. F¶mÂ, Cu NeNn{X¯nÂ, Hcp {]Xn]mZ\ssien kzoIcn¡p¶psh¦nepw, AXnsâ D]tbmK¯n BZym´w Ahnizkn¡p¶ Hcp NeNn{Xw, apwss_ NeNn{X§fpsS taml§fnÂ, IS¶phcp¶p. kzm`mhnIambpw, tIX³ ta¯ kzoIcn¡p¶ {]Xn]mZ\ ssien Cu NeNn{X¯nse¦nepw Hcp Ae¦mcambn ]cnWan¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. AtXmsS khntijamb Hcp {]Xn]mZ\ssien kmt¦XnIamb Hcp IuXpI¯nte¡v Xncnbp¶p. {_lv¯nsâ Iem k¦ev¸§fn IYm]m{X§Ä sN¶ps]Sp¶ at\mhym]mc¯nsâ Hcp e£Ww, Asæn HchØ, AhÀ CXnhr¯¯nepw ]pd¯pw "F´nt\sbm A`napJoIcn¡p¶p' F¶mWv. Hcp ]s£, B "F´nt\sbm' F¶ AhØbpsS hniIe\¯nte¡mWv IYbnse kµÀ`§Ä sN¶v ap«p¶XpXs¶. AXpsImWvSv Xs¶ A¯cw {]IrbbneqsS ]ptcmKan¡p¶ IY ]eXnte¡pw hen¨ngís¸Sp¶nÃ. ]s£, awKÄ ]msÞ C§s\bpff kµÀ`§fneqsSbmWv CXnhr¯w ]qÀ¯nbm¡p¶XpXs¶. Cu ImcWw sImWvSqXs¶ Cu NeNn{Xw kzoIcn¡p¶ {]Xn]mZ\ ssien tXmev¸n¡s¸Sp¶p. tIX³ ta¯bneqsSbmIpt¼mÄ, Rm³ \ncmi\mIp¶p. ImcWw At±lw C¯cw {]Xn]mZ\ ssienbpsS kuµcyhpw cmjv{Sobhpw Xncn¨dnª `mh\mimenbmb Hcp NeNn{XImc\mbXpsImWvSqXs¶.